How Do Allergies Occur?
Allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat. In response, the immune system produces antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies cause certain cells to release chemicals, such as histamine, leading to allergy symptoms.
Common Allergens
Allergens can be found in various forms, including:
- Pollen: From trees, grasses, and weeds, often causing seasonal allergies.
- Dust Mites: Tiny insects found in house dust that can trigger year-round allergies.
- Mold Spores: Fungi that thrive in damp environments and can cause respiratory issues.
- Animal Dander: Skin flakes from pets such as cats, dogs, and rodents.
- Insect Stings: Venom from bees, wasps, and other stinging insects.
- Food: Common food allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish.
- Medications: Some people are allergic to certain drugs, such as penicillin or aspirin.
- Latex: Found in gloves, balloons, and other products made from natural rubber.
Symptoms of Allergies
Allergy symptoms can vary depending on the type of allergen and the individual. Common symptoms include:
- Sneezing
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Itchy or watery eyes
- Itchy skin or hives
- Coughing
- Wheezing or shortness of breath
- Swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat
- Digestive issues, such as stomach cramps or diarrhea (common with food allergies)
Diagnosis of Allergies
Diagnosing allergies typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specific tests. These may include:
- Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin to see if a reaction occurs.
- Blood Test: Measures the level of specific antibodies (IgE) in the blood to identify allergens.
- Elimination Diet: Used to identify food allergies by eliminating and reintroducing specific foods under medical supervision.
Treatment of Allergies
Treatment for allergies typically focuses on avoiding allergens and managing symptoms. Common treatments include:
- Allergy Medications: Antihistamines, decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and eye drops can help relieve symptoms.
- Immunotherapy: Allergy shots or sublingual tablets that gradually reduce sensitivity to allergens.
- Avoidance: Reducing exposure to known allergens by making changes in the home environment or diet.
- Epinephrine Auto-Injectors: Used for emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).
Prevention and Management
While allergies cannot be cured, they can be managed with the following strategies:
- Identify and avoid known allergens.
- Maintain a clean home environment to reduce dust mites and mold.
- Use air purifiers with HEPA filters to reduce airborne allergens.
- Keep windows closed during high pollen seasons.
- Follow your doctor's advice on medication and treatment plans.
